Aging is a natural process characterized by the gradual decline in physiological integrity, leading to impaired function and increased vulnerability to various diseases, including cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, and neurodegenerative conditions. Recent advances in aging research have revealed that genetic pathways and biochemical processes conserved across species play a crucial role in regulating the rate of aging.
In this review, we explore nine key hallmarks that represent common factors contributing to aging in various organisms, with a specific focus on mammalian aging. These hallmarks include genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, deregulated nutrient-sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, and altered intercellular communication.
Understanding the interconnectedness between these hallmarks and their relative impact on the aging process is a significant challenge. Our ultimate goal is to identify potential targets that can improve human health during aging while minimizing side-effects. By unraveling the complexities of aging, we aim to enhance the quality of life in aging individuals and pave the way for healthier aging outcomes.